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In education terminology, ''scoring rubric'' means "a standard of performance for a defined population".〔The National Science Education Standards (1996), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962&page=75) page 93〕 The traditional meanings of the word ''rubric'' stem from "a heading on a document (often written in red — from Latin, ''rubrica''), or a direction for conducting church services".〔http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rubric〕 As shown in the 1977 introduction to the International Classification of Diseases-9,〔http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/codes/icd9/type_txt/icd9.asp〕 the term has long been used as medical labels for diseases and procedures. The bridge from medicine to education occurred through the construction of "Standardized Developmental Ratings." These were first defined for writing assessment in the mid-1970s〔http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED174629&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED174629〕 and used to train raters for New York State's Regents Exam in Writing by the late 1970s.〔Dirlam, D. K. (1980). Classifiers and cognitive development. In S. & C. Modgil (Eds.), Toward a Theory of Psychological Development. Windsor, England: NFER Publishing, 465-498〕 That exam required raters to use multidimensional standardized developmental ratings to determine a holistic score. The term "rubrics" was applied to such ratings by Grubb, 1981〔Grubb, Mel. (1981). Using Holistic Evaluation. Encino, Cal.: Glenco Publishing Company, Inc.〕 in a book advocating holistic scoring rather than developmental rubrics. Developmental rubrics return to the original intent of standardized developmental ratings, which was to support student self-reflection and self-assessment as well as communication between an assessor and those being assessed. In this new sense, a scoring rubric is a set of criteria and standards typically linked to learning objectives. It is used to assess or communicate about product, performance, or process tasks. A scoring rubric is an attempt to communicate expectations of quality around a task. In many cases, scoring rubrics are used to delineate consistent criteria for grading. Because the criteria are public, a scoring rubric allows teachers and students alike to evaluate criteria, which can be complex and subjective. A scoring rubric can also provide a basis for self-evaluation, reflection, and peer review. It is aimed at accurate and fair assessment, fostering understanding, and indicating a way to proceed with subsequent learning/teaching. This integration of performance and feedback is called ongoing assessment or formative assessment. Several common features of scoring rubrics can be distinguished, according to Bernie Dodge and Nancy Pickett: *focus on measuring a stated objective (performance, behavior, or quality) *use a range to rate performance *contain specific performance characteristics arranged in levels indicating either the developmental sophistication of the strategy used or the degree to which a standard has been met. ==Components of a scoring rubric== Scoring rubrics include one or more dimensions on which performance is rated, definitions and examples that illustrate the attribute(s) being measured, and a rating scale for each dimension. Dimensions are generally referred to as criteria, the rating scale as levels, and definitions as descriptors. Herman, Aschbacher, and Winters distinguish the following elements of a scoring rubric: *One or more traits or dimensions that serve as the basis for judging the student response *Definitions and examples to clarify the meaning of each trait or dimension *A scale of values on which to rate each dimension *Standards of excellence for specified performance levels accompanied by models or examples of each level Since the 1980s, many scoring rubrics have been presented in a graphic format, typically as a grid. Studies of scoring rubric effectiveness now consider the efficiency of a grid over, say, a text-based list of criteria. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rubric (academic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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